Seneca. Epictetus. Marcus Aurelius. Neil Peart.
(This is where you do a double take).
No, that wasn't a misprint.
Rush lyrics (penned almost entirely by Peart from their second album onward) cover a lot of ground. Individual songs meditate on the dreariness of the suburbs, the balance between heart and mind, the individual vs. the collective, intolerance, the perils of fame, nationalism, the tensions of art vs. commerce and so forth. When you step back a bit to take a wider view, themes that stretch across a number of songs or even albums begin to emerge. Among those that emerge over the course of Rush's output are themes of Stoicism. So let me just proclaim that Neil Peart is a Stoic and that Stoicism is a significant component in his philosophical approach to life itself.
I should probably give a brief primer on Stoicism here, and will do so with a bit of trepidation, as there are several other contributors to this site whose knowledge of this school of thought and philosophy (or any philosophy) vastly exceeds my own.
The Stoic school of thought originated with Zeno of Citium, who began teaching it in Athens around 300 B.C. It was later adopted by the Romans, including the famous three listed above. A fundamental tenet of Stoicism is to live in agreement with nature, i.e. "the way things are." Another one is to learn to distinguish between those things which are under one's control and those things that are not - and to not worry about the latter. A exceptionally difficult goal to attain to be sure, but one well worth striving for. Contrary to popular opinion, Stoicism does not teach the suppression of emotions, but rather that emotions are instinctive reactions to events, while our judgments of the same can either arouse or cool those emotions. Balance is key.
So how does all this tie in with Rush lyrics? Let's take a look.
I. It Ought to be Second Nature ... But It's Not
"Circumstances do not rise to meet our expectations. Events happen as they do. People behave as they are. Embrace what you actually get. Open your eyes: See things for what they really are, thereby sparing yourself the pain of false attachments and avoidable devastation." - Epictetus
A first step toward Stoic wisdom is seeing clearly the world as it is. A big part of maturing involves losing one's illusions from their younger years. I suppose that in growing up, we all obtain at least some degree of Stoic wisdom. While there is certainly plenty of beauty in the world, there is plenty of the opposite as well. This is not always easy to accept, but taking this step is fundamental for the Stoics. There are several Rush songs that contain lyrics regarding this first step of Stoicism, Second Nature being one of them:
Folks have got to make choices -
And choices got to have voices
Folks are basically decent
Conventional wisdom would say
Well, we read about
The exceptions
In the papers every day
It ought to be second nature -At least, that's what I feel
"Now I lay me down in Dreamland" -
I know perfect's not for real
I thought we might get closer -
But I'm ready to make a deal
The idea in the lyrics above are familiar to most of us, and are certainly to anyone that studies the Stoics. "I know perfect's not for real" represents a realization that the world is not necessarily the way we would like it to be, but simply is the way it is. Being "ready to make a deal" represents a acceptance of that. Call it Stoic resignation.
Of course, a Stoic would tell you that you can choose not to accept the world as it is - just be prepared to be frustrated, disappointed, confused, and miserable. Halo Effect is one song in which Peart's lyrics illustrate the peril of ignoring reality, as the protagonist tells us of "all my illusions projected on her, the ideal, that I wanted to see." In the end, all he is left with is pain that was all too avoidable.
Or take one of my favorite Peart lyrical passages, from Stick it Out:
Each time we bathe our reactions
In artificial light
Each time we alter the focus
To make the wrong moves seem right
You get so used to deception
You make yourself a nervous wreck
You get so used to surrender
Running back to cover your neck
As in Halo Effect, the above lyrics of Stick It Out express the perils of reality avoidance, of failing to see the world clearly. In both cases, the lyrics express the idea of the pain of false attachments and avoidable devastation discussed by Epictetus that inevitably result for those that expect or otherwise hope that nature will conform to them rather than the other way around. In a nutshell, Peart is telling us that the world isn't the way we want it to be - so deal with it.
II. A Game of Chance
"Happiness and freedom begin with a clear understanding of one principle: Some things are within our control, and some things are not. It is only after you have faced up to this fundamental rule and learned to distinguish between what you can and can't control that inner tranquility and outer effectiveness become possible." - Epictetus
So far Peart has taught us that things do not necessarily conform to our wishes and that we should not blind ourselves to that fact. Not to be one-sided though, he's also penned lyrics that explore the other side of the equation, i.e. the Stoic fortitude that helps one make it through the tough times we all face - if one is willing to see things clearly. The chorus of Far Cry is one such example:
One day I feel I'm on top of the world
And the next it's falling in on me
I can get back on
I can get back on
One day I feel I'm ahead of the wheel
And the next it's rolling over me
I can get back on
I can get back on
This is one among several expressions by Peart of dealing with the world as it is and having the perseverance to get through tough times. This perseverance is borne of seeing things clearly and knowing your sphere of control. Stoic wisdom teaches us that we need to draw a distinction between what we can and cannot control, which is another way of saying one should strive to live in agreement with nature. And this is another idea expressed in Peart's lyrics:
We draw our own designs
But fortune has to make that frame
We go out in the world and take our chances
Fate is just the weight of circumstances
That's the way that lady luck dances
Roll the bones
A more practical application of this idea is expressed in Wish Them Well from Clockwork Angels. You can't control the attitudes and actions of the people around you, all that you can control is how you deal with them. If nothing else, you can walk away and wish them well. In the end, the only thing you really control, the only thing you can tend to is your own garden ... but we'll get to more of that later.
III. Integrity
"A noble character alone affords everlasting peace and joy. Even if some unpleasantness does arise, it is but a drifting cloud floating in a sunny sky." Seneca, Letter XXVII
Personal integrity is a recurring theme in Stoic teachings. So to it is with Rush lyrics, not to mention their music and general artistic approach. Certainly, integrity of the mind is a Neil Peart's creed:
No his mind is not for rent
To any god or government
Our Tom Sawyer here must have read some Epictetus:
"Don't surrender your mind. If someone were to casually give your body away, you would naturally be furious. Why then do you feel no shame in giving your precious mind over to any person who might wish to influence you?"
I wonder if this is something Peart learned the hard way, given the liner note in 2112 crediting the genius of Ayn Rand. Peart himself and Rush as a whole took a significant amount of criticism over this. While some of that criticism is unjustified, as Ms. Rand did have some worthy ideas, she was also in many ways a rather wretched character with some abhorrent ideas. She was certainly not someone to whom you would want to surrender your mind, although many have and many still do. Thankfully, Peart does not fall into that category, regardless of whatever admiration he might have once had for her or for certain ones of her ideas. Rush would certainly be less worthy if their lyrics were informed by strident Objectivism, but thankfully this is not the case.
Integrity as a general concept is explored in the third part of Natural Science, Permanent Waves:
Science, like nature
Must also be tamed
With a view towards its preservation
Given the same
State of integrity
It will surely serve us wellArt as expression
Not as market campaigns
Will still capture our imaginations
Given the same
State of integrity
It will surely help us alongThe most endangered species
The honest man
Will still survive annihilation
Forming a world
State of integrity
Sensitive, open and strong
That second verse above is also stated, in different form, on The Spirit of Radio, in which Neil laments the "glittering prizes and endless compromises" that "shatter the illusion of integrity." On this, Peart and his bandmates do more than just talk (or sing) it, they live it. Rush has never come close to compromising their artistic integrity, never selling out, never trying to write hit singles instead of simply writing good songs. This has held true despite decades worth of nasty attacks from the rock critics, whom Rush cared not a wit about. Nor did they yield to record company pressure early in their career. They stuck to their guns and their vision and presented us with a fine Stoic example of what integrity truly means. We and they are both better for that fact.
The other side of the coin is what happens when integrity is sacrificed. Peart has lyrically explored this as well, in a key verse of Subdivisions:
Some will sell their dreams for small desires
Or lose the race to rats
Get caught in ticking traps
And start to dream of somewhere
To relax their restless flight
Somewhere out of a memory of lighted streets on quiet nights
Of course, maintaining one's integrity not always easy because we are human beings and are not always ruled by reason, as the Stoic would have it. And that leads us to ...
IV. Desires and Aversions
"Our desires and aversions are mercurial rulers. They demand to be pleased. Desire commands us to run off and get what we want. Aversion insists that we must avoid the things that repel us." - Epictetus
Stoicism is hard. It's hard because we're human and our instinct is to react emotionally to our circumstances. Having Stoic knowledge by itself isn't enough. Even when you know better:
He's got to make his own mistakes
And learn to mend the mess he makes
He's old enough to know what's right
But young enough not to choose it
He's noble enough to win the world
But weak enough to lose it
...
He's not concerned with yesterday
He knows constant change is here today
He's noble enough to know what's right
But weak enough not to choose it
He's wise enough to win the world
But fool enough to lose it
He's a New World Man...
Stoicism is a discipline as much as it is a philosophy, because our instincts work against reason. Overreaction in the heat of the moment is the antithesis of the Stoic way; it lets emotion overwhelm your reason. Peart addresses this in songs such as Kid Gloves from Grace Under Pressure, in the above-quoted New World Man, and in the opening verses of Stick it Out from Counterparts:
Trust to your instincts
If it's safely restrained
Lightning reactions
Must be carefully trained
Heat of the momentCurse of the young
Spit out your anger
Don't swallow your tongue
However, in my opinion anyway, there is no song in the Rush catalog that deals with the concept of desires and aversions in the context of Stoic knowledge better than Resist - and there is no better version than the Stoically stripped down acoustic guitar duo performance of this song as captured on Rush in Rio. I'm not even going to quote the lyrics, I'm just going to let you watch the video. If you haven't seen this performance, then it's a must. If you have, it's worth seeing again.
While Peart himself was not on the stage for this performance, those are his words. And could he really have said it any better than that? I don't think so.
V. Time is the Master
"Time is a river flowing with the elements of creations; and a violent torrent, for as soon as a thing appears it is swept away, and instantly replaced by another, which is in turn itself swept away." - Marcus Aurelius
"Continue to act thus, my dear Lucilius - set yourself free for your own sake; gather and save your time, which till lately has been forced from you, or filched away, or has merely slipped from your hands. Make yourself believe the truth of my words, - that certain moments are torn from us, that some are gently removed, and that others glide beyond our reach." - Seneca, Letter I
The concept of time figures prominently in Stoicism. In one of the paradoxes of Stoicism is that time - in the form of the present moment - is one of the few things we can truly possess, and yet at the same time it's something that we have no control over. So to it is with Rush. It's march is constant, creating anew and mercilessly sweeping away.
Atmospheric phases make the transitory last
Vaporize the memories that freeze the fading past
Silence all the songbirds
Stilled by the killing frost
Forests burn to ashes
Everything is lost
Washed away like footprints in the rain
In a vapor trail
These lyrics from Vapor Trail restate the ides of Marcus Aurelius and Seneca as quoted above. In the finale of Clockwork Angels, lyrics from The Garden do the same:
The future disappears into memory
With only a moment between
Forever dwells in that moment
Hope is what remains to be seen
For that matter, so does the excellent Marathon (my favorite song from Power Windows):
From first to last
The peak is never passed
Something always fires the light that gets in your eyes
One moment's high, and glory rolls on by
Like a streak of lightning
That flashes and fades in the summer sky
"Do not fear death, but welcome it, since it too comes from Nature. For just as we are young, and grow old, and flourish and reach maturity, have teeth and a beard and gray hairs, conceive, become pregnant and bring forth new life, and all other natural processes that follow the seasons of our existence, so also do we have death."
"Contemplate what sate the human body and soul should be in when overtaken by death; and consider the brevity of life, the inconceivable abyss of time past and time future, the passivity of all matter." - Marcus Aurelius
Aging and death - both intimately related to time - are contemplated often by the Stoics. Neil contemplates aging as far back as the Caress of Steel album with I Think I'm Going Bald. The same theme appears later in Losing It, which refers to the twilight years of Ernest Hemmingway but could just as easily apply to others. Meanwhile, Afterimage looks at death's affects on those still living. And our own Tom Sawyer knows that "changes aren't permanent, but change is."
The ceaseless progression of time that leads us to death is dealt with in Time Stand Still, expressing the deep human yearning to simply stop time, allow us to catch our breath, and process the change we've already seen - all with the full knowledge of that wish being forever unfulfilled.
I let my skin get too thin
I'd like to pause,
No matter what I pretend
Like some pilgrim -
Who learns to transcend -
Learns to live
As if each step was the end
Time stand still -I'm not looking back -
But I want to look around me now
See more of the people
And the places that surround me now
So what can we make of all this? We can know that all we really have control over is the present moment, the past is gone and the future is undecided. At any given moment, all we have is now. Make the best of it, and roll the bones.
"Nothing, Lucilius, is ours, except time. We were entrusted by nature with the ownership of this single thing, so fleeting and slippery that anyone who will can oust us from possession. What fools these mortals be! They allow the cheapest and most useless things, which can easily be replaced, to be charged in the reckoning, after they have acquired them; but they never regard themselves as in debt when they have received some of that precious commodity, - time!" - Seneca, Letter I
"Caretake this moment. Immerse yourself in its particulars. Respond to this person, this challenge, this deed." - Epictetus
VI.Tranquility Base Here ...
"What is the happy life? It is peace of mind and lasting tranquility. This will be yours if you possess greatness of soul. It will be yours if you possess the steadfastness that resolutely clings to a good judgment just reached. How do you reach this condition? By gaining a complete view of truth, by maintaining order, measure, fitness, and a will that is inoffensive and kindly, that is intent upon reason and never departs therefrom, that commands at the same time love and admiration. In short, to give you the principle in brief compass, the wise man's soul ought to be such as would be proper for a god. - Seneca, Letter XCII
So what is the purpose behind all of this Stoic thought? Serenity, tranquility, call it what you want - a life of inner peace. Stoicism is ultimately a practical philosophy, giving guidance on how to achieve the inner peace that we all desire. Similarly, much of the underlying philosophy that weaves its way through Neil's lyrics also yields practical advice on how to achieve tranquility. From keeping one's integrity and being true to one's self (an example they have lived), to maintaining the balance between heart and mind, to understanding and accepting the absurdity and mere chance beyond our control that governs much of our lives - all of these ideas would be familiar to the Stoics.
To be sure, Peart's lyrics are not exclusively Stoic; they are not without regard to other schools of thought. In fact, we are informed here of a forthcoming book in which Rush lyrics are discussed within the contexts of the individualism of Aristotle, and there are other books that further elaborate on the various philosophies behind Rush lyrics. But as I hope I've demonstrated above, one can most certainly read and interpret them in a Stoic light in addition to other philosophies.
I've mentioned several songs from Clockwork Angels throughout this piece, but have more to say about the album as a whole. From the wide-eyed youthful (and idealisitic) escape of Caravan, to the unlucky circumstances of Carnies, to the avoidable pain of Halo Effect, the acceptance of BU2B2 and Wish Them Well, and finally, to the full realization of The Garden - this is a journey from innocence to Stoic wisdom. And so here, I will close with a few particularly good verses of The Garden, followed by one final quote from Epictetus that wraps it all up. But before I go, I will say that while I strongly encourage reading the various non-drummer Stoics quoted above, you could do a lot worse than to get a daily dose of Stoicism from a good Rush song ... not that I needed to give you another reason to listen to them.
"The measure of a life is a measure of love and respect
So hard to earn, so easily burned
In the fullness of time
A garden to nurture and protect
...
The treasure of a life is a measure of love and respect
The way you live, the gifts that you give
In the fullness of time
It's the only return that you expect"
"As it concerns the art of living, the material is your own life. No great thing is created suddenly. There must be time." - Epictetus